Theater history in the 19th and early 20th century

From the perspective of theater and media history, the »long 19th century« marks the beginning of a phase of substantial change and permanent redefinition: at the beginning of the 19th century, theaters in German-speaking countries ›settled down‹ and became an integral part of bourgeois culture.
At the same time, the granting of freedom of trade in the North German Confederation in 1869 and the so-called foundation of the German Empire in 1871 led to the commercialization of theater, resulting in a diverse theater landscape that played a significant role in the development of a metropolitan culture.
One of the main representatives of this trend was Max Reinhardt (1873-1943), whose work as a director and theater manager is often associated with the emergence of modern director's theater. 
In many ways, however, the theater history of this period also reveals the emergence of hegemonic structures, both in the area of Jewish history and with regard to the onset of colonialism.